International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing
2024, Vol. 6, Issue 1, Part B
Review on Abruptio Placentae
Anshika Rosha and Deeksha Pandey
About 1% of pregnancies are complicated by placental abruption, which is also the main cause of vaginal bleeding in the second part of pregnancy. Additionally, it contributes significantly to prenatal morbidity and mortality. The impact of abruption on the mother is mostly defined by its intensity, whereas the fetus is affected by both the abruption's severity and the gestational age at which it occurs. Preeclampsia, thrombophilia, smoking, trauma, cocaine use, multifetal gestation, hypertension, preeclampsia, advanced maternal age, early rupture of the membranes, intrauterine infections, and hydramnios are risk factors for abruption. Fatal death is often linked to placental disruption affecting more than 50% of the organ. The diagnosis of abruption is made clinically, and the Kleihauer-Betke test and ultrasonography are not very useful. Depending on the severity of the abruption and the gestational age at which it occurs, the care of abruption should be tailored to each individual instance. Vaginal delivery is preferred when foetal death has occurred. Severe intravascular coagulopathy needs to be treated with extreme caution. Conservative care, with the aim of vaginal delivery, may be justified when abruption occurs at or near term and the mother's and fetal status are encouraging. Nonetheless, an expeditious caesarean delivery is frequently recommended when there is foetal or maternal compromise. Similar to this, in certain stable situations, abruption at extremely preterm gestations may be handled conservatively, with close observation and prompt delivery in the event that deterioration arises. The majority of placental abruption cases are unpredictable and unpreventable. Still, occasionally, mother and child. Placental separation happens right after birth in normal pregnancies, although it starts to separate earlier in pregnancies disrupted by abruption (1). About 0.6–1.0 percent of pregnancies result in this premature detachment, which typically causes discomfort and vaginal bleeding—the clinical hallmarks of placental abruption (2). Massive blood loss, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, renal failure, and, less frequently, maternal death is among the maternal hazards connected to abruption (1, 3). With perinatal mortality rates as high as 60%, disruption can also have catastrophic effects on the developing foetus (4–7). The underlying aetiology of abruption is surprisingly poorly understood. In order to investigate the relationships between abruption and foetal growth limitation, preterm delivery, and perinatal survival, we present new data from the United States.